The CANUBELIEVEIT School
is an oversubscribed Specialist Happiness College
and Alistair Smith tells us why he would like
to take up the position of Head of Happiness there.
CANUBELIEVEIT SCHOOL
NEW ROAD, BOWLED OVER, AWE upon WONDER, A1 2NU
A Specialist Happiness College
HEAD OF HAPPINESS FACULTY (TLR 1C)
The CANUBELIEVEIT School is an oversubscribed
campus school in Awe upon Wonder. We are hoping
to appoint a well qualified enthusiastic person
with a background in Well-Being to have an overview
of happiness within the school. Above all the
appointee must be passionate about learning and
learners and capable of spreading this enthusiasm
to others.
The Faculty of Happiness at CANUBELIEVEIT is
housed in a purpose built unit which is light,
cheery and conducive to great learning. We welcome
mavericks and creatives who have the efficacy
of learning as their core value.
Please contact the Principal’s PA for our
DVD – a student guide to Happiness
and to arrange an informal visit.
happiness@canubelieveit.sch.uk
Investor in Happiness
HappyMark Award
Training School
Despite having better homes, higher incomes, longer
holidays, improved working conditions and better
health we are no happier. Studies show that in the
last fifty years happiness has not increased in
Britain, the US, continental Europe or Japan. If
this is so you might ask, what is all this hard
work, imagination, enterprise and striving for if
we are no happier as a result? Maybe we need to
take happiness more seriously? The media have
recently had open season on the Headteacher of
Wellington School, Anthony Seldon, who has had
the temerity to timetable lessons in positive
psychology or ‘happiness studies’
as some have called it. He has recruited a prominent
academic to help him develop a timetabled programme.
The questions posed by this are interesting. Can
happiness be taught? Ought it to be taught? What
would it look like? How would it be assessed?
How might it fare in an inspection?
A fortnight after ‘happiness studies’
breaks in the press we get another headline reminder
from the Daily Telegraph that “Classrooms
‘are for work not fun’” quoting
the Chief Inspector of Schools, Maurice Smith
who says – “We need to reinforce
the message that school is a place of work preparing
youngsters for the world of work, where a work
ethic is required – not a house of fun to
meet youngster’s social needs.”
I visited a large Secondary School in April of
this year. By the door of the staff room prominently
displayed was a sign which said 13 Days to
go! I asked about this sign, thinking it
was perhaps a reminder of a coursework deadline
for GCSE students and an attempt to reinforce
the very work ethic talked of by the chief inspector.
I was disappointed! It was a reminder to staff
and Year 11 students how long it was until students
left and went on study leave (May 5th) and the
school turned them over to their own devices.
The first exam would be a month later on June
6th and the staff were counting down the days!
A year ago, in the first week of April, the Times
Educational Supplement ran an article on a Secondary
School which had introduced, amongst other things,
well-being targets as part of its staff appraisal
system. This school had asked staff ‘what
got in the way of them preparing, delivering and
evaluating high quality learning experiences for
students?’ Amongst the answers which came
back, many related to time management issues and
to work-life balance challenges. As a direct consequence,
the school introduced an ironing and dry-cleaning
service, car servicing and MOT, delivery of organic
vegetables, shiatsu massage, corporate health
club membership, free staff room drinks, free
termly social events, early morning staff choir
practice and banished unnecessary paperwork and
meetings. The article appeared with photographs
and prompted an immediate response from over thirty
teachers who wrote in having ‘spotted the
deliberate April Fool’s joke!’
As a Scot, I know misery, guilt and scepticism.
If pressured, I can do all three simultaneously
- but I’ve had to learn the hard way not
to accept them as a life credo or, to paraphrase
Mark Twain, as the instant response to the ‘worry
that someone somewhere was having a good time’.
Why are so many of us so po-faced about learning
and the place of learning in society? If, for
example, we can teach a subject such as music
- then why not happiness? Why do we allow so many
to drivel on unchallenged with the view that ‘school
is a place of work preparing youngsters for the
world of work - when that same joyless take
on what it offers will alienate them from work
before they start?’ What would be so bad
with a view of school and of learning that it
was there to provide a happy and secure place
which prepared young people to live fulfilled
and happy lives, only one aspect of which was
finding and securing satisfying work? Psychologists
have spent over 100 years defining misery, it’s
only recently that any have bothered trying to
give happiness the same treatment. What would
be so unusual about a large school appointing
a Head of Happiness whose job was to make the
lives of staff and students better?
Happier people are healthier, more successful,
harder-working, caring and more socially engaged.
Misery makes people self-obsessed and inactive.
There is some solid research to show some types
of problem solving improves when preceded by laughter.
Cornell University research demonstrated how positive
emotions make people think faster and more creatively.
Being young and being old are the happiest times.
Don’t make money your god – it does
not add much to happiness. In Britain, incomes
have trebled since 1950, but happiness has not
increased at all. The happiness of lottery winners
returns to former levels within a year. People
disabled in an accident are likely to become almost
as happy again. Very happy people spend the least
time alone and the most time socialising. Psychologists
know that increasing the number of social contacts
a miserable person has is the best way of cheering
them up.
Ten things to do to make your school
happier:
1. Debate, define and share the core purpose
of the school. Talk it up
2. Test every decision against core purpose
and only have meetings which serve core
purpose
3. Find time to plan, deliver and evaluate
the best possible learning experiences
4. Stop talking about OFSTED, behaviour
and coping with change and start talking
about learning
5. Socialise together
6. Celebrate success extravagantly
7. Stop fretting about small stuff like
who pays for staffroom tea and coffee
8. Take time to improve the school’s
appearance
9. Talk up the importance of roles and job
function rather than status, seniority and
income
10. Include work-life balance targets in
staff appraisals
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Despite all the benefits of being happy, I don’t
think happiness can be taught formally. We can
teach about it. We can extol its benefits and
provide peer reviewed studies as evidence. Timetabling
lessons in happiness may help students better
understand what happiness is and how to get it
- but it won’t make them any happier for
it. That said, I do think schools can and (some)
do contribute significantly to a happier life
for both staff and students. Breaking down and
understanding what it is they do to achieve this
is surely a worthy academic study. So what’s
involved?
Happiness is less easy to define than unhappiness
and there are only a few early attempts being
put together to provide a happiness schema. I
provide one of my own below. The schema applies
to individuals first and foremost but can also
be applied to collections of individuals organised
around a core purpose such as a school. My list
is based on what the positive psychology researchers
say are the features of those who seem happiest.
The Constituents of happiness
1. Sociability
• Able to tap into a supportive infrastructure
• Contact with a variety of others
• Exhibits playfulness and humour
2. Positive Perspective
• Optimistic not fatalistic
• Capable of living in the moment
• Focus outwards more than inwards
3. Integrity
• Doing the right thing consistently
• Resolute without being dogmatic
• Minimises unhelpful comparisons with others
4. Cause
• Having a sense of life’s direction
• Managing wants and needs
• Regularly experiencing challenge
5. Efficacy
• Feeling of being in control
• Able to manage negative emotions
• Making a recognised contribution
Sociability
Our first happiness category is sociability. A
proven major component in happiness for the individual
is the ability to tap into a supportive infrastructure.
For most of us this is the family, for some it
is the workplace, for others it’s those
we meet through a hobby. Schools which actively
encourage social activities amongst a wide range
of staff and others provide supportive infrastructures.
A major longitudinal survey begun in the UK in
1958 found that those who exhibited sociability
in childhood were significantly and consistently
happier much later in adult life. For a child,
social competence is a greater predictor of success
in adult life than GCSE grades. To some extent
it can be taught.
According to the Chief Executive of the Sainsbury
Centre for Mental Health, Angela Greatley, the
cost to the UK of poor mental health is £77billion
annually. In the UK 25% of us experience some
serious mental illness during our lives, with
15% experiencing major depression which can debilitate
for days on end. The highest rates of mental disorders
among children occur among those from families
where no parent has ever worked. ESRC research
suggests that gaining educational qualifications
and good adjustment in childhood both help to
protect individuals from psychological problems
in adulthood, even those from less privileged
social backgrounds.
In a pilot study by the New Economics Foundation
(NEF) and Nottingham City Council to measure well-being
in the locality, young people completed detailed
questionnaires to measure their well-being. Not
only did both their satisfaction with life and
their curiosity in life both fall as they got
older, but also their satisfaction with their
school experience plummeted between primary and
secondary school, and did not recover. The child
who can be self deprecating, who can empathise
and who has a playful approach to life is set
up to become successful at building and maintaining
friendships.
Ten things to do to make your classroom
happier:
1. Look after your own health and well-being
2. Focus on solutions and positives rather
than failures and setbacks
3. Make learning itself a focus of learning
for your class
4. Restore your sense of humour
5. Capture every student being successful
at some point
6. Show your excitement about learning
7. Put a framed portrait of your likes and
dislikes, favourite activities and ambitions
on the door
8. Mix the class groupings and talk up what
successful group work ‘looks like’
9. Know and use everyone’s name
10. Prepare each lesson to be the very best
you are capable of teaching |
In his book Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam
defines the major components of ‘social
capital’ as trust, norms, reciprocity, and
networks and connections. He shows how social
capital – participation in shared and group
activity – has positive economic effects
and is good for your health. In the US shared
and group activity is in decline. Lamenting the
demise of organised social activities in the US,
where people meet informally, such as bowling
leagues, Putnam cites a statistic which suggests
that socialising through joining these sorts of
clubs dramatically reduces the risk that you will
die in the next year!
Positive Perspective
Our second happiness category is having a positive
perspective on life. Individuals with a positive
perspective are often those who look forwards
and outwards rather than backwards and inwards.
They are less likely to dwell on negative experiences
and misgivings. Avoiding unnecessary comparisons
helps them live in the moment and have a higher
concern for others. They share a sense of life
getting better. This helps them respond positively
to adversity. In schools these individuals are
people magnets! Their optimism makes them attractive.
They find time to listen. Ask yourself, who would
you rather sit next to?
The classic optimism experiment involved nuns.
Nuns make a good control group because they live
very similar lives. Researchers who quantified
positive outlook amongst 180 Milwaukee nuns who,
from 1932, kept detailed diaries, discovered that
nearly all (90%) of the happiest quarter were
still alive at 85. But of the least cheerful quarter,
only a third survived to that age. The survivors
were optimists.
Positive perspectives fuel both psychological
and physiological resilience. A field study of
American college students before and after the
terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001showed
that positive individuals were less likely to
become depressed and better able to cope. In an
experiment when the flu virus was administered
to control groups of adults who had been divided
according to whether they were optimists or pessimists.
Those who were more optimistic showed less likelihood
of becoming ill. Their immune systems were ‘boosted’
by their take on life.
However, being blindly optimistic is not always
helpful. According to a 2001 study, Oscar winners
live on average four years longer than those who
are nominated but fail to win. Why is this? Is
there something about thwarted ambition that is
harmful to us?
Unrealistic goals can corrode self confidence.
Children with authoritarian parenting are more
likely to set unrealistic goals and have a self
concept which is vulnerable to failure. Children
whose parents are authoritative rather than authoritarian
are more likely to have realistic goals and fewer
anxieties around their achievement. Task related
feedback, that is goals which are all about specific
improvements to the skill rather than ego related
feedback which is more about the person - are
much more likely to yield improvements and much
less likely to have an inhibiting effect on self
esteem.
Schools which are authoritarian in character
are less likely to foster innovation and creativity.
A positive perspective does not mean a Pollyanna
perspective. It means that there is an underlying
belief that things will get better, progress will
be made and the general trend is favourable. Schools
with a positive perspective, like individuals,
put setbacks into context and are galvanised by
challenges.
Integrity
Our third happiness category is integrity. Integrity
is about ‘doing the right thing when no-one
is looking’. Those who operate with integrity
have a strong sense of right and wrong, are less
plagued by self doubt and so can do what’s
right again and again consistently. To outsiders,
the seeming ease with which hard decisions are
made again and again is admirable.
Happier individuals don’t have to shift
through the integrity gears or deal with the anxieties
of having to do so. They bring the same certainties
to really hard decisions and their consequences
as they would to the mundane. They can be open
about such decisions. Staff in schools appreciate
transparent decision making provided its is guided
by doing ‘the right thing’.
Happier people are often resolute without being
dogmatic and so are better equipped to deal with
failure. Their resolution is less likely to be
driven by rivalry or self-interest or fuelled
by invidious comparisons with others. To this
end they are more likely to buy a new car just
to keep the salesperson cheerful than to edge
ahead of their neighbours!
The more an individual is clear about what matters
to him or her and is resolute in pursuit of that,
the less they feel the need to compete with others
to get it. In many ways this is counter intuitive.
We are a species where serotonin – a neurotransmitter
associated with feeling good - is boosted by success.
Arguably we are set up to compete, but happier
people seem to feel less wounded by failure and
less determined to get what they want if it’s
at the expense of others.
Here’s a test for you. Choose from either:
- A. You can have £50,000 income a year
and everyone else gets half that
- B. You can have £1000,000 income a
year and everyone else gets more than double
that
In a recent study Harvard graduates were asked
exactly this question. The majority preferred
the first option and were happy to be poorer provide
they got ahead of everyone else. The real significance
of wage rises is that people care as much about
others’ wages as their own. Intense wage
rivalry tends to remain within your reference
group – in this case work colleagues, friends
or family. Comparisons can lead to discontent
and unhappiness. Happy people minimise comparisons
and rarely feel the need to make them.
In UK schools, the recent introduction of a performance
related pay structure, arguably overdue, known
as ‘TLRs’ will have had its most difficult
passage when comparisons within reference groups
provoked feelings of ‘injustice’ and
when decision making was not transparent and guided
by ‘doing the right thing’. Levels
of discontent could be correlated to the number
of opportunities for comparisons fostered by the
system. It would be interesting to do the above
test but in the TLR context: what matters more,
the money or the relative status?
Cause
Our fourth happiness category is cause. Happy
people have a sense of life’s direction
or are content to assume one. They are better
able than most at separating and managing wants
and needs. They enjoy, and regularly immerse themselves
in, challenge. The challenge may be large scale
- changing jobs, moving house, starting a family
– or smaller - trying a new skill for the
first time – but in either case they are
not likely to see it as on overbearing imposition.
For young people, like toddlers, discovering
that wants and needs are two different things
can be a bruising experience. I may want the latest
mobile phone but I don’t need it! I may
want to be beautiful but I don’t need it!
I may want to be famous but I don’t need
it!
According to a Learning and Skills Council survey
of 777 16-19 year olds in England published in
February 2006, one in ten young people would drop
out of education for a shot at TV fame. 16% believe
they will actually become famous, The LSC research
showed that most of the young people did not understand
that the odds of being selected for a reality
TV show such as Big Brother - and continuing to
be famous afterwards - are very slim. Almost one
in ten said they thought celebrity was a great
way to earn money without skills or qualifications.
More than half of teenagers who said they wanted
to become famous cited money and success as the
principal reason. However, Ruth Bullen, LSC spokeswoman,
said research showed that young people without
five good GCSEs or the equivalent were more likely
to earn low pay in later life. "If making
money is the reason a young person wants to become
famous, by staying on in education or training
they can significantly increase their future earning
power through gaining these essential qualifications,"
she said.
For many, fame equates to success which equates
to money which equates to happiness. Fame seems
available easily. Join a band, get onto a reality
TV show, be chosen to compete in a talent competition,
win the lottery. Disappointment awaits. Dramatic
improvements in circumstances do little to improve
happiness. Research by Brickman and others showed
that within a year, lottery winners are little
happier, or even less happy, than they were before
they scooped the jackpot. The explanation is simple:
we are creatures of comparison. As we adapt, our'
expectations about what will make us happy rise.
We compare ourselves to where we want to be, and
to other people. This is called the hedonic treadmill.
As we achieve our goals, we change whom we compare
ourselves to and find a new source of unhappiness!
Individuals who report themselves as happy say
things like ‘everything feels in place’
and ‘I’m content with my lot’.
For a school to be a happy place it needs to ‘feel’
stable. This does not mean that there is little
or no change year on year or that ‘tradition’
goes back through generations. It’s more
likely that there is a shared certainty about
core purpose and the values which underpin that
core purpose. Our happiness category uses the
heading ‘cause’ - it could be equally
served by the heading ‘core purpose’.
The whole school can buy into this. As you walk
the corridors, observe learning taking place or
sit in meetings where debate occurs, you will
attune to the ‘core purpose’ in what
is overheard, seen or experienced. Where, for
instance the core purpose is around best serving
learners and learning, you don’t hear management
talk endlessly about readying for OFSTED, about
SEF and about behaviour: where the core purpose
is about coping, that’s all you hear about.
To detect your true core purpose, try stepping
up your aspiration. Take a typical selection of
everyday activities in your school and for each
step them up by asking, “If we are successful
– what will it do for us?’ Keep doing
this for each successive answer. As you progress
the core purpose should emerge.
- Start by asking yourself, “What is it
we are doing?”
- Then ask, “If we are successful in this
- what will it do for us?”
and repeat to step up… ask yourself at
what level do you feel you reach ‘core purpose?
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Happiness! |
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Autonomy
&
Stability
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Happiness! |
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Improved
school |
Fulfil
potential
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Happiness! |
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Better
relations |
Independent
learners
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Independence |
Happiness! |
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Informed
decision making |
Improved
quality of learning |
Improved
life chances |
Enhance
Status
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Professional
development
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Effective
Systems
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Chosen
career |
Better
results
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Attend
Alite
2006
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Agree
SDP
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Improved
progression
opportunities
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Better
learning
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SLT
Meeting
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Achieve
Exam success
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Teacher
improves
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Attend
lessons
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Provide
feedback
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Observe
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The question of core purpose is at the heart
of decision-making. In an era of league tables,
targets, contextual data, charter marks and public
accountability – all of which threaten stability
– clarity of core purpose is especially
significant. Difficult decisions are made more
so when there is no clarity over core purpose.
Time taken to debate core purpose, to define it
and to re-visit it - is time well spent. When
the difficult choices come along, clarity over
core purpose will provide your answers. Anomalies
only then arise when someone else provides or
defines your core purpose for you. Reclaiming
core purpose is thus essential for a stable school.
Stability, or the feeling of stability, makes
individuals happier. Stable schools exhibit more
of the H factor…
Efficacy
Our fifth happiness category is efficacy. Efficacy
is the feeling of being in control. It is the
ability to recognise and manage emotional response
particularly those negative emotions which threaten
to hijack us. Efficacy is also about making a
contribution and having that contribution recognised
in some way, either by others or by alignment
to a perceived greater good such as a religious
faith.
A major cause of stress amongst all large primates
is a feeling of loss of control. It doesn’t
need to be real - it just needs the conviction
that despite all of your efforts, things are out
of hand and there’s nothing to be done about
it. Such a conviction ultimately leads to what
a pioneer of positive psychology, Martin Seligman,
calls ‘learned helplessness’ in other
words, a victim mentality. Happier people do not
end up exhibiting these traits. They are more
likely to be able to adjust their circumstances
and thus how they respond to those circumstances
through some intervention. Happier people have
niches in their lives over which they can exercise
control. The exercise of such control provides
its own reward. They may be ‘put upon’
at work but they run a youth group on a Sunday
and enjoy every minute and hour that goes into
it. The old saw is that ‘you find a job
you love doing and you never work again’.
Happier people are more likely to find themselves
there.
An obvious corollary is the school where the
culture is one of being ‘put upon’.
Would a ‘happier’ school, by my definition,
be more likely to niche control and find areas
to exercise enterprise and vision where it was
less susceptible to the agendas of others? Instinctively
I think yes. Schools like any other large organisations
have their share of ‘learned helplessness’.
Some schools, through impoverished leadership,
have become channels of ‘learned helplessness’
waiting to be rescued from initiative fatigue.
They bemoan their lot. Others stride ahead, confidently
discounting initiatives which don’t align
with their core purpose and taking each challenge
with ease.
The ability to niche control is vital for all
human growth. Victor Frankl, a holocaust survivor,
wrote in his 1963 book of his experiences, Man’s
Search for Meaning, "Everything can
be taken from a man but... the last of the human
freedoms - to choose one's attitude in any given
set of circumstances, to choose one's own way."
The survivors were those who were able to niche
control.
Making a recognised contribution is an aspect
of efficacy which is about being valued. Humans
like the affirmation of other humans. This may
be in the from of eye contact, the use of your
name, the touch on your sleeve, the note in your
pigeon hole, the recognition in a thank you speech,
promotion, knighthood or a seat in the House of
Lords. Recognition and affirmation is important
for many of us. Happy people get lots of it but
not always in formal and public ways. How satisfying
is it for a dog lover to be recognised upon arrival
home and then greeted with a wet tongue! Conversely,
if it happened with a dog you didn’t know
it would be highly distracting! Happier people
are often those for whom modest moments of recognition
accumulate and are given freely in return.
Happier people do not seek out recognition. It
comes as a consequence of their willingness to
contribute whatever. Absence of recognition does
not have the catastrophic effect for these people
that it can have for others. Happier people are
better able to manage negative emotions. See sawing
between emotional states is stressful. Stress
itself is a major killer. Extended periods of
stress lead to loss of appetite and libido, reduced
growth, inhibited decision making and apathy.
Happier people exhibit control in some, or all,
aspects of their decision making and their emotional
response.
We started off by suggesting that maybe we should
take happiness more seriously. I think the work
of positive psychologists offers something for
schools. Already the Every Child Matters agenda
is at the heart of the new inspection process
and is a focus for cohering how we engage with
young people. By studying what makes individuals,
families, communities and nations happy we hot
wire straight into the core purpose of learning
and of schools.
Thank you and please find enclosed my application
for the post of Head of Happiness.
Alistair Smith
July 2006
Daniel Nettle, Happiness: The Science behind
your smile (Oxford University Press, 2005)
Paul Martin, Making Happy People: The nature
of happiness and its origins in Childhood
(Fourth Estate, 2005)
Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness
(New York: The Free Press 2002).
Richard Layard, The Robbins Lectures, Towards
a Happier Society ( LSE, February 2003)
Robert Puttnam, Bowling Alone. The collapse
and revival of American community (New York:
Simon and Schuster 2000).
Dorothy Wade, So what do you have to do to
find happiness? Sunday Times, October 2nd
2005
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